Technical Reports

Background and Justification:[Back to table of contents]

The situation of repression of freedom of expression on-line in South East asia is escalating,  an ethnically, politically, and linguistically diverse region which includes, Brunei, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,  Timor-Leste, and Vietnam with over 160 million internet users. 

Since July 2015, Malaysian government has blocked at least ten websites, including online news portals (Sarawak Report, Malaysia Chronicle, The Malaysian Insider, Asia Sentinel, Medium) and private blogs, for reporting about the scandal surrounding Malaysian Prime Minister Najib tun Razak over his mysterious private dealings with RM2.6 billion. In Thailand old estimates put the number of websites blocked at over 110,000 and growing back in 2010.

In Myanmar in 2012 almost all of the previously blocked websites of opposition political parties, critical political content, and independent news sites were accessible, with only 5 of 541 tested URLs categorized as political content blocked.

In Cambodia there are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or credible reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms without appropriate legal authority however NGOs have expressed concerns that online blocking is happening. 

Deployment of network monitoring nodes that collects data and tests for network interference in this region would therefore allow continuous objective technical monitoring for network interference and provide proof if any such actions are happening in a region with increasing numbers of internet users and serious concerns network interference to restrict freedom of expression online. It will inform the availability and reliability and security of the Internet in Asia-Pacific through collection and publication of online public data collected from a variety of node tests, published at the Online Observatory of Network Interference  as well as through RIPE Atlas. It will support the development of the research community by coordinating and providing technical support to country partner organizations in deployment of OONI & RIPE probes, network tests and the implications of their results. It will also improve existing OONI network interference tests based on local network conditions and constraints through input from local research partners.

Malaysian Government has initiatives for free community Internet access points and community Internet facilities, and are often announced as initiatives to bridge the digital gap and use of development funds from the Universal Access Fund contributed by ISPs. There is however almost no research done on the reliability of the Internet provided by these facilities, and whether there are technical restrictions or censorship on content. There is also no research on the non-technical gender gap of Internet access, such as affordability, literacy, access to devices, knowledge of rights and availability/accessibility of online content and services of importance to women and communities. As a complement to the technical network measurements, a pilot social audit with a marginalized urban community group to measure gender gap using Web Foundation Gender Gap Toolkit is also proposed to give a complete picture of both technical and non-technical barriers to the Internet.

Since the start of the project, after Covid-19 pandemic at the start of the 2020, Southeast Asia has regressed in terms of democratic freedoms, with increased use of authoritarian powers under the guise of controlling the pandemic. February 2021 saw a military coup in Myanmar leading to Internet censorship and shutdowns, emergency powers in Malaysia suspending parliamentary democracy and enactment of Anti-Fake News Act, and continuous decrease in democractic freedoms in Hong Kong. Lockdowns and restriction of movement has increased demand for remote work and Internet access, along with exposing inequality as a result of lack of access to the Internet. This has increased focus and importance on the ongoing work of this project and partners on monitoring censorship, but also gaps in data covering marginalized communities' access to the  Internet.

Project Implementation:[Back to table of contents]

The project aims to improve reporting of Internet censorship through the use of evidenced based collection of network interference measurements in Southeast Asia. To date, most  country Internet censorship reports cite news reports that quote individuals. In collaboration with the Open Observatory for Network Interference (OONI) which develops the tests that can be run on mobile phones, personal computers and servers, global and country test-lists maintained by Citizen Lab and local partners in Southeast Asia, this project hopes to improve coverage of these tests in this region. Reports and analysis done by partners, will also help contribute to evidence based network measurement data on Internet censorship.

Regional Workshop

A regional workshop was conducted, with digital rights civil society participants from Southeast Asia to introduce them to basic Internet functionality, common methods of network interference and methods of testing and collecting data using OONI tools. Data collected from these apps will be continuously published automatically to OONI open observatory (some public info may be restricted for safety reasons.).

The project engaged partners and participants to help improve Citizen Lab test-lists for their respective countries to ensure test coverage covering different key human rights and gender related websites. In collaboration with Netalitica, additional research for updates to Malaysian test-lists was done, along with providing contacts of our regional partners for updates for other countries.

Human Rights Regional Censorship Dashboard

A web dashboard was developed to make country analysis of anomalies from censorship data against Citizen Lab test list human rights categories such as media, political criticism, LGBT, religious freedom and others to make it easier for researchers to write reports.

Community Social Audit

Finally a Community Social Audit using Web Foundation Digital Gender Gap Scorecard Audit was also conducted for a low income urban community, to provide additional detailed insights on demographics and community access to Internet issues, in addition to general network interference and usage measurements. 

The region in general faces constraints on freedom of expression as well as institutional and technical capacity for digital rights and civic tech. The funding for this project came at a time when the host organization was down to just one person and contemplating shutting down. Regional partners also face similar constraints in addition to possible threat of state persecution. 

Collaboration and regional community support was therefore key to this project. The open source tools and data, enabled collaboration and contributions beyond the immediate activities of this project. Development of the web dashboard highlighted how the collaborations between different partners can increase the impact and usefulness of the work of all partners. Internet penetration and affordability also has grown exponentially in this region, making the ongoing technical testing and communications between partners in the region sustainable. 

Despite these challenges, the feedback from partners have led to improvements in testing features and methodology by OONI, to address the needs of partners in the region, especially for monitoring long term trends in Internet censorship, as well as time critical events such as elections and political unrest. 

The original proposed use of cheap Raspberry Pi devices for collecting test data, was replaced by far more accessible mobile, desktop and server apps by the OONI team, leading again to increased adoption and test data by local partners and their communities such as Thai Netizen The analysis reports on network censorship, despite being limited in number due to capacity constraints, continue to be cited, because they are often the only technical censorship reports backed by measurement data available for this region.

Project Evaluation:[Back to table of contents]

Expected project outcomes:

• Improved access to the internet, including understanding tools to circumvent website blocks, connection blackouts, and widespread censorship from knowledge of types of network interference and censorship methods affecting users 

• Increased awareness of restrictions on Internet access both technical and non-technical by non-technical users of the Internet such as civil rights organizations and marginalized communities, but with supporting evidence enabling them to demand better access from decision makers and service providers including the government.

• The project collaborates with international and open projects such as OONI and Citizen Lab, the increased amount of data collected and improvements from this will benefit global community researching and measuring network interference.

• The team will learn how to combine both technical and non-technical measurements of Internet access when conducting social audit, to provide a more complete and inclusive picture of Internet access beyond technical measurements and impacts to communities. This will provide a good base research methodology for government to use and measure effectiveness of community Internet access projects

The Internet censorship reports generated by this project continue to be cited as they are often the only technical reports available for Internet censorship covering a wide range of issues. As the Internet becomes increasingly important as the main source of access to information, association and services, so too will be the importance of the Internet censorship and access reports as a component in various reports on media, human rights and access to services. As such, the expected outcome on increased awareness is considered to have been achieved successfully.

Similarly, collaborating openly, leading to benefits for the global community researching network interference and censorship, not just for increased impact, but also support due to political, technical and financial constraints faced in this region. This was not just a regional collaborative effort, but a global one between academic, technical and human rights organisation partners. Improved global test-lists for academic research, increased quality and coverage of censorship measurements in respective countries, and better data and coverage lead to better reports in support of the goals of rights organizations in respective countries.

The social audit was successfully done, providing data on affordability, access and needs of the selected local low income urban community.  The findings confirmed the need for computing equipment during Covid-19 lockdowns, especially desktop and laptop computers. The audit found that 95% of those in the bottom 40% income bracket only had access to mobile phones to access the Internet. The project found that the original community WiFi service was not working. Complaints filed led to the installation of a working community public WiFi service for the community. Computing facilities were provided for the community library, where low cost computing equipment was tested for suitability for the needs of users, such as attending online-classes for students affected by lock-down. Post-project, follow support is planned to better capture long-term impacts of Internet access on education, jobs and income and other social indicators, that was made possible due to access and computing facilities provided by this project.

Gender Equality and Inclusion:[Back to table of contents]

The project uses Citizen Lab test lists to collaborate on development of comprehensive test-lists covering a number of rights based categories, including websites that deal with gender and marginalized groups.

Despite the removal of categories such as Women’s Rights from Citizen Lab test-lists, contributions to the lists can still ensure that gender related content and websites are tested and included for analysis. The urls contributed by Sinar Project for the Malaysian test-lists included information, resources and services related to women’s health, sexual education, gender based violence and women’s rights.

Priority on coverage of urls in test-lists to cover marginalized and at risk groups, also ensured that internet censorship of these groups would be detected. Our report on detection of LGBT Censorship in Malaysia and Indonesia, was cited by Outright Action International campaign for global LGBT censorship testing campaign.

Proposed updates to the list, pending review for Malaysia will also include urls of websites of human rights organisations as well as content related to religious and ethnic minorities. The project report on Laws Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) cites for blocking different categories of websites helped uncover what laws were being used to block various websites which can be used for strategic litigation by lawyers along with technical evidence of the technical censorship in place .

Knowledge gained from technical methods used for censorship, also allowed the project to highlight issues on privacy and surveillance, on possible use of technical censorship measures to block Child Pronogography.

Project Communication Strategy:[Back to table of contents]

Project dissemination by the organisation was mostly through publication of reports on the organization website and social media. The organization's social media accounts are followed by local journalists covering digital rights, as well as more established organisations. This leads to the project work being covered and organically disseminated by journalists and organisations if the outputs are of interest. 

As the reports are often the only source of technical findings on censorship, they end up being found for desk research and news reports needing additional background information.

For regional and global dissemination, the project depended on partners such as OONI and Citizen Lab, through participation in their events, and being featured in their communications efforts. A similar approach was followed for local partners, such as sharing project outputs with campaigns on freedom of expression, religious or media freedom. 

Examples of this include:

• OONI: Measuring Internet Censorship in Southeast Asia

• OONI partner page

• OONI: Coinbase - How a Hacker Launched a Decentralized Network to Track Internet Censorship

• Amnesty International Unsilenced Campaign

For the social audit, communications were done via a local community partner focal point, and other community leaders. This is the normal practice for short term community projects, where Sinar Project has not yet built any form of trust or relationship with the local communities.

Recommendations and Use of Findings:[Back to table of contents]

For future projects that work on tests and measurements for network interference or censorship, it is highly recommended to partner and work with the global community around these efforts led by OONI and Citizen Lab. Contributing additional tests, to the open source OONI tests, will allow projects to take advantage of the existing infrastructure and lessons learned from the development of apps and services, along with a global community of partners for testing at a global scale. This includes data and results that can be compared against other countries. 

The project has benefited from the development of OONI testing apps by OONI and contributors, and additional support for guidance and updates to test lists from Netalitica to make them more useful for researchers. The open data API of the measurements, also provides infrastructure for rapid development of custom dashboards and data analysis without duplicating efforts in building the data infrastructure from collection of data.

Social audits are important to capture data of marginalized communities, and can help to build a good baseline for future projects and in understanding the needs of these communities. It is also important to find community leaders to work with, who end up being instrumental in making sure community projects go well and building trust for long term collaborations.

Bibliography:[Back to table of contents]

CIVICUS (2020), “Civic Space On A Downward Spiral”, (Retrieved April 23, 2021) https://findings2020.monitor.civicus.org/downward-spiral.html#information-blockade

Maria Xynou (OONI), Ramakrishna Padmanabhan (CAIDA, UC San Diego), Phyu Kyaw, Myanmar ICT for Development Organization (MIDO), Arturo Filastò  (2021), “Myanmar: Data on internet blocks and internet outages following military coup”,  (Retrieved April 23, 2021), https://ooni.org/post/2021-myanmar-internet-blocks-and-outages/

Article 19 (March 15, 2021), “Malaysia: Repeal Fake News Emergency Ordinance”, (Retrieved April 23, 2021), https://www.article19.org/resources/malaysia-fake-news-ordinance/

CIVICUS (2021), “Hong Kong; Crackdown on democratic freedoms continues with mass arrests”,, (Retrieved April 23, 2021) https://www.civicus.org/index.php/media-resources/news/4811-hong-kong-crackdown-on-democratic-freedoms-continues-with-mass-arrests

Rachel Gong (March 27, 2020), “Coping with Covid-19: Distance Learning and the Digital Divide”, (Retrived April 23, 2021) http://krinstitute.org/Views-@-Coping_with_Covid-19-;_Distance_Learning_and_the_Digital_Divide.aspx

ITUICT-Eye, ICT Data Portal [Website] (Retrieved April 12, 2021) https://www.itu.int/net4/itu-d/icteye

Jeremy Malcolm and Sarah Myers West (July 21, 2015), Malaysia Drops the Pretense of Not Censoring the Internet [Title] (Retrieved April 4, 2021) https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/07/malaysia-drops-pretense-not-censoring-internet

Asia Sentinel (July 23, 2010),”Thailand’s Massive Internet Censorship” [Title] (Retrieved April 12, 2021) http://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/thailands-massive-internet-censorship/

Irene Poetranto (October 23, 2012), “Update on information controls in Burma” [Title] (Retrieved April 4, 2021) https://opennet.net/blog/2012/10/update-information-controls-burma

OONI Explorer - OONI, (Retrieved April 4, 2021) https://explorer.ooni.org/
Universal Service Provision, Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission, (Retrieved  April 4, 2021) https://www.mcmc.gov.my/en/sectors/universal-service-provision

Web Foundation (2016), “Digital Gender Gap Audit Toolkit” [Title] (Retrieved April 4, 2021) http://webfoundation.org/docs/2016/12/WRO-Digital-Gender-Gap-Audit_Toolkit.pdf

OONI Net Test, (Retrieved April 4, 2021), https://ooni.torproject.org/nettest/

Ellia Pikri (2018), “Meet the NGO That’s Trying to Keep Malaysian Politicians Honest” [Title] Vulcan Post (Retrieved April 4, 2021), https://vulcanpost.com/635609/politician-malaysia-sinar-project-ngo-data/

Sinar Project (2018), “Joined-up data for Network Interference Measurement and Reporting with Citizenlab test-lists” [Title] (Retrieved April 4, 2021), https://sinarproject.org/digital-rights/human-rights-internet-censorship-dashboards/joined-up-data-test-lists

Khairil Yusof, Sinar Project (June 23, 2020), “Measuring Internet Censorship in Southeast Asia” [Video] (Retrieved April 4, 2021) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AORNoRhgVmM

Sinar Project Partner Site, OONI (2020), (Retrieved April 4, 2021) https://ooni.org/partners/sinar-project/

Benjamin Powers (September 16, 2020), “How a Hacker Launched a Decentralized Network to Track Internet Censorship” [Title] in Coindesk (Retrieved April 4, 2021) https://www.coindesk.com/hacker-decentralized-network-censorship

Sinar Project (August 13, 2018), “Online LGBT Censorship Malaysia” [Title], (Retrieved April 4, 2021) https://sinarproject.org/digital-rights/updates/online-lgbt-censorship-malaysia

OutRight Action International (December 3, 2019), “Call to Action: Let’s measure the blocking of LGBTQI websites around the world!”[Title] (Retrieved April 4, 2021) https://outrightinternational.org/content/let%E2%80%99s-measure-blocking-lgbtqi-websites-around-world

Sinar Project (August 13, 2018), “Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI) Southeast Asia Regional Workshop” [Title], (Retrieved April 4, 2021) https://sinarproject.org/digital-rights/updates/open-observatory-of-network-interference-ooni-southeast-asia-regional-workshop

Lara Powell (February 21, 2019), “Child Pornography and Internet Censorship” [Title], (Retrieved April 4, 2021), https://sinarproject.org/updates/child-pornography-and-internet-censorship

Sinar Project (January 11, 2019), “Monitoring Censorship of Gender-Related Online Content” [Title],   (Retrieved April 4, 2021) https://sinarproject.org/updates/monitoring-censorship-of-gender-related-online-content

Engagemedia & Sinar Project (April 18th, 2019), “ Internet Censorship Monitoring: Duterte's Drug War” [Title] (Retrieved April 4, 2021), https://sinarproject.org/digital-rights/updates/internet-censorship-monitoring-dutertes-drug-war

Sinar Project (April 17th, 2019) “Laws cited for Internet Censorship in Malaysia” [Title], (Retrieved April 4, 2021), https://sinarproject.org/digital-rights/updates/laws-cited-for-internet-censorship-in-malaysia

Freedom House (2019), “Freedom on the Net Malaysia 2019 Report” [Title], (Retrieved April 4, 2021)https://www.freedomonthenet.org/country/malaysia/freedom-on-the-net/2019

Khairil Yusof (July 31, 2019), “CLSI Test Lists Session Report Back” [Title], (Retrieved April 4, 2021) https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Vm72EcdSdfdMyYT5hmAkzvsfkdtGgQZwriuTzr75d9w/edit#

Amnesty International (December, 2020), “Unsilenced” [Website], (Retrieved April 4, 2021) https://unsilenced.amnesty.my/#resources

Pavin Chachavalpongpun (June 6, 2020), “A Software Approach From Thailand’s Sophisticated Monarch” [Title],  (Retrieved April 4, 2021) https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/a-softer-approach-from-thailands-sophisticated-monarch/

Maria Xynou, Arturo Filastò, Khairil Yusof, Tan Sze Ming (December 20, 2015), “The State of Internet Censorship in Malaysia [Title], (Retrieved March 30 , 2021) https://ooni.org/post/malaysia-report/

Kay Yen Wong, Maria Xynou, Arturo Filastò, Khairil Yusof, Tan Sze Ming (May 23, 2017), “The State of Internet Censorship in Indonesia [Title], (Retrieved March 30 , 2021) 

https://ooni.org/post/indonesia-internet-censorship/

Kay Yen Wong, Maria Xynou, Arturo Filastò, Khairil Yusof, Tan Sze Ming, Thai Netizen Network (March  20, 2017), “The State of Internet Censorship in Thailand [Title], (Retrieved March 30 , 2021) 

https://ooni.org/post/thailand-internet-censorship/

Kay Yen Wong, Maria Xynou, Arturo Filastò, Khairil Yusof, Tan Sze Ming, MIDO (March  29, 2017), “The State of Internet Censorship in Myanmar [Title], (Retrieved March 30 , 2021) 

https://ooni.org/post/myanmar-report/

Khairil Yusof (May 16, 2018), “Internet Censorship Monitoring 14th Malaysian General Elections” [Title], (Retrieved March 30 , 2021)  

https://sinarproject.org/digital-rights/measuring-and-detecting-network-interference/internet-censorship-monitoring-14th-malaysian-general-elections

Sinar Project (January 29, 2017), “Quick Review of OONI Probe Mobile App 2.0”[Title],  (Retrieved March 30 , 2021) https://sinarproject.org/digital-rights/updates/ooni-2-0-review/quick-review-of-ooni-probe-mobile-app-2.

Isad Chung, Choon-Siang Lai, Khairil Yusof (April 20, 2021), "Subang Jaya Community Social Audit" [Title], (Retrieved April 23, 2021) https://sinarproject.org/digital-rights/measuring-and-detecting-network-interference/social-audit-report/subang-jaya-community-wifi-social-audit.pdf